tradiciam bolo dromde Semoinaxa nairgvari marani, romlebic qveynis bunebriv-sameurneo pirobebis mravalferovnebis Sesabamisad, met-naklebi TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba. maT Soris gamoiyofa ori ZiriTadi tipi: Ria marani da daxuruli marani pirveli maTganis specifikas Seadgens Ria cis qveS, miwaSi Cafluli qvevrebi. sakuTriv maranSi ki moTavsebulia yurZnis fexiT dasawuri xorgo-sawnaxeli da meRvineobis sxva WurWeli. xolo meore tipis maranSi qvevrebic moqceulia SigniT, “gadaxurulSi”, iseve, rogorc meRvineobis danarCeni inventari.
Ria marani
Ria marnis gavrcelebis areali mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos moicavs. igi xSiria imereTSi, qvemo raWaSi, leCxumSi (rionis xeobaSi), guriaSi, naklebi sixSiriT gvxvdeba samegreloSi.
Ria marnis erT-erT ZiriTad komponents Ria cis qveS gamarTuli Wurebis adgil-samyofeli warmoadgens, romelsac aqvs sakuTari saxelebi: WurisTavi (imereTi, raWa-leCxumi da guria), olagvane –“saqvevre” (samegrelo). imereTis zog sofelSi aseve dasturdeba termini “saWure”.
imereTsa da raWa-leCxumSi Ria marnis zogadi saxelwodebaa Wurmarani. es termini xSirad ixsenieba gviani feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriul sabuTebSi.
eTnografiuli monacemebis mixedviT, Wur-marani dasavlur qarTuli kar-midamos ganuyreli nawilia. metwilad gamarTulia momaRlo adgilas . mevenaxeTa dakvirvebiT WurisTavze “haeri unda muSaobdes”, amasTanave wvimis wyals yvela mxridan unda ”iwuravdes”. WurisTavi sufTa adgilia da saqoneli rom ar Sevides, xSirad mesriT an Sqmeris cocxali RobiT aris SemosazRvruli.
imisTvis, rom Wurebs mzem ar daxedos da Rvino ar waaxdinos, WurisTavi sagangebod aris daCrdiluli. tradiciuli saCrdilobelia komSis, Txilis an rcxilis xeebi _ Wurebis irgvliv Semorguli da erTmaneTze totebiT gadayvanili.
imereTsa da raWa-leCxumSi WurisTavze gansakuTrebiT moswonT komSis buCqebis dargva, radgan is mravali RirsebiT gamoirCeva. komSis buCqnars kargi Crdili aqvs, amasTan es xe sufTaa, matls iSviaTad iCens. rac mTavaria misi fesvebi miwaSi Rrmad da sworad midis, ris gamoc Wurebs dazianeba ar emuqreba. misi foTlebi Wurebis farflis mosarecxad da Rvinis brkis mosawmendad moixmareba, TviT nayofs ki RvinisaTvis sasiamovno sunis misacemad Wuris kedels Seaxexaven.
raWaSi Wur-maranze zafxulobiT mudmivi CrdilisTvis mis Soriaxlosac irgveba xeebi: metwilad kopiti, romelic Crdiliania, “usuno”, sufTa da lamazi, amasTan “zrdaSi damyoli”. imereTSi ki WurisTavs xSirad broweulis buCqebic amSvenebs.
WurisTavze Wurebis ganlagebis garkveuli wesi SeimCneva: didi, “Casavali” Wurebi Cayrilia sawnaxelTan axlos, dawuruli yurZnis tkbili pirdapir rom miuSvan WurebSi. maT saSualo zomis Wurebi mosdevs, sul bolos ki wvrili qvevrebia moqceuli.
Ria cis qveS Cayril Wurebs Tavi saimedod exureba. WurWels pirze jer afareben “safens”: esaa xis Txeli kanis “ofiWo”, mokupruli tyavi an biis, vazis, Tu nigvzis foTlebi. mas zemodan daedeba xis mrgvali sarqveli, badimi anu rogo, sarqvelze Tixis sqeli fena “daikvereba”. es Tixa rom ar daskdes, mas fxvieri miwa waeyreba. amgvarad Tavdaxurul WurWelSi wvimis wveTic ki ver Cava.
WurisTavs zed ekvris marani, romelic nairgvaria, rogorc masalis, ise konkretuli Taviseburebebis mixedviT. maT Soris gamoirCeva xis marani, romelSic gabatonebulia Semdegi saxeobani.
- ukedlebo farRalala farduli _ miwaSi dasobili muxis msxvili boZebi, yavris an korolis saxuraviT gadaxuruli. marnis am umartives saxeobas zogjer mxolod cali mxridan, “saniavodan” Tu aqvs lamfa akruli. misi inventari ZiriTadad xorgo-sawnaxliT amoiwureba. es saxeoba Cveulebriv, saxeldaxelo daniSnulebisaa. amgvari marani mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli.
- sami mxridan daxuruli, “pirRia” marani – mas mxolod “zurgi” da ori “gverdi” aqvs, xolo “win piri Wurebisaken Riaa”. marani ise dgas, rom “qvena qari ar urtyamdes wina pirs, zamTarSi Tovlma ar aavsos”. es saxeoba meRvineobis mravalricxovan inventarsac itevs da amasTan WurebTan misadgomadac marjve da mosaxerxebelia. amgvari marani xSiria imereTSi, naklebad gvxvdeba raWa-leCxumSi.
- oTxive mxridan daxuruli marani orgvaria: ficruli da Zeluri. tradiciulia Zeluri marani, romelic ficrulTan SedarebiT sagrZnoblad ufro mkvidria da moxdenili. imeruli eTnografiuli monacemebis mixedviT misi kedlebi muxis an wablis gamZle saZirkvelzea amoyvanili. orad gapobili muxis moris Zelebi Signidan sworia _ “ficruli”, garedan ki lamazad “gakuTxul-gasukuli”. xis kotebiT erTmaneTze mWidrod daSenebuli Zelebi kuTxeSi yelebiTaa gadaWdobili. marnis kedlebi zemodan Sekrulia xis sartyelebiT, romelTac yavris an kramitis gawyobili saxuravi aqvs. marans winidan, WurisTavis mxridan Sebmuli aqvs sada ficruli kari, erT-erT kedelSi ki patara sarkmeli, “sasinaTloa” datanebuli. zog marans aqvs ukana karic, saidanac WurisTavze gauvlelad, yurZens Sezidaven xolme. aseTi marani xSiria imereTSi (WiaTurisa da saCxeris raionebi), naklebad aris cnobili _ qvemo raWaSi, leCxumSi, guriaSi, samegreloSi.
- xis marani beRliTurT oTxive mxridan daxurul ficrul an Zelur marans warmoadgens, romelsac zemodan adgas beReli, romelic Cveulebriv, orferdad “sabZlurad” daxurulia yavriT. marnis zeda sarTulze beRels zogjer oTaxi akravs. beReli mosavlis Sesanaxadaa gankuTvnili, xolo oTaxi sakuWnaos movaleobas asrulebs. aq Cveulebriv inaxeba sufris WurWeli: sasmisebi da saRvineebi. marans irgvliv artyia farTo aivnebi, romlebic Ciris, tkbili kverebis, yurZnisa da xilis jagnebis, CurCxelebis gasaSrobad gamoiyeneba. marnis es saxeoba naklebad gvxvdeba raWa-leCxumSi.
zogierT adgilebSi aseve gvxvdeba qvis marani, rogorc sami mxridan, ise mTlianad daxuruli. raWa-leCxumSi qvis marnebsac tradiciisamebr zemodan adgas beReli.
rac ufro mtkiced nagebia xisa Tu qviTkiris marnebi, miT ufro mravalferovania Sig moTavsebuli inventari. SesasvlelTan iqve kuTxeSi Cveulebriv Tavmoyrilia WurisTavis “xelsaxmari”: Wuridan fxvieri miwis gadmosayreli Toxi, ayalos mosaxdeli Zelbari, ayalo miwis dasagles-dasakveri kveJo-sagozela .. kedlebis gaswvriv xis sadgarebze xorgo-sawnaxelia Cadgmuli Tixis satkbiliT _ isarniT. zogjer aqvea gamarTuli WaWis sawnexi saqaCavi anu wberi. marnis kedlebsa da koWebze gawyobilia sxvadasxva xelsawyo-iaraRi: yurZnis mosateni msxvilTaviani kobulo-satukela, WaWis misawev-mosawevi grZeltariani orSimoebi, grZeltariani sarcxebi, saTxleveebi..
Ria marani savsebiT Seesabameba dasavleT saqarTvelos bunebrivi pirobebis Taviseburebebs.. lixT-imereTis havisa da niadagis moWarbebuli tenianobis gamo, “gadaxurulSi” Wurebis damarxva sazianoa RvinisaTvis: mudmivi “Cero” da umzeoba Rvinos “dacdis”, Smoris suns miscems. Ria WurisTavze ki sasurveli simSralea: mas dila-saRamos mze udgeba, niavic uvlis, xolo zafxulis moWarbebuli sicxisagan WurisTavs aq gamarTuli saCrdilobeli ifaravs; garda amisa, WurisTavs niavi da wvimac agrilebs: “sigrileSi inaxavs Rvinos”.
amJamad Ria marnis gavrcelebis areali Semofarglulia dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriiT, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTvis es tipi sruliad ucxoa. magram warsulSi gansxvavebuli viTareba yofila. eTnografiuli da literaturuli monacemebiT dgindeba, rom me-19 saukunis bolosTvis Ria marani arcTu iSviaTi movlena iyo qarTlSi da aqa-iq kaxeTSiac, metadre siRnaRis raionSi.
gviani feodalizmis xanis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos istoriul sabuTebSi (wyalobisa da nasyidobis wignebSi da sxv.) arcTu iSviaTad ixsenieba kompozituri termini “qvevr-marani” Tu “Wur-marani”, romelic uTuod Ria marans gulisxmobs.
arqeologiuri monacemebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Ris marnis Soreul tradiciebze miuTiTebs. qarTlis teritoriaze ara erTgan aris mikvleuli adre feodaluri da gvian antikuri xanebis Ria marnis naSTebi.
daxuruli marani
daxuruli marnis gavrcelebis areali zogadad moicavs qarTl-kaxeTs da agreTve dasavleT saqarTvelos mTis zols. Ria WurisTavTan SedarebiT aq upiratesoba eniWeba daxurul marans, rac am mxareTa geografiuli TaviseburebebiT aixsneba. mag. qarTl-kaxeTSi daxuruli marani Rvinos icavs zafxulSi moWarbebuli sicxisa, xolo zamTarSi yinva sicivis mavne zegavlenisagan
qarTuli marnis am meore ZiriTad tipSi gamoiyofa ori mTavari saxeba:
a) marani _ rogorc gancalkevebiT mdgomi nageboba da b) marani – sacxovrebeli saxlis kompleqsSi. gancalkevebuli marani masalis mxriv orgvaria: qviTkiris da xis.
qviTkiris marani
es saxeoba ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia qarTl-kaxeTisTvis, sadac misi ramdenime qvesaxeoba dasturdeba. mraval sofelSi TiTo-orolad gvxvdeba Zveleburi qvitkiris marani, romelic gansakuTrebuli sididiT gamoirCeva. zogi maTganis sigrze aT metrs aRemateba. marnebs Tavdapirvelad hqonia miwurbaniani saxuravi, gvian ki orferda saxuravi dauSenebiaT. araerTi maTgani qarTuli xalxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis saucxoo nimuSad gvevlineba. Tvals izidavs kedlebis lamazi wyoba, fasadis mxridan Cayolebuli aguris jvrebi da zolebi, aguriT amoyvanili TaRovani Sesasvleli muxis masiuri orfrTiani karebiT.
zogi marnis Sida farTobs or araTanabar nawilad yofs TaRebiani kedeli an xis dedaboZi, romelic uxvad moCuqurTmebul grZel baliSs ebjineba. marnis mozrdil wina nawilSi Cayrilia qvevrebi, piris irgvliv gawyobili aguriT. amgvarad mopirkeTebul WurWelSi Rvino ufro sufTad inaxeba. maranSi ukan yurZnis dasawuri ganyofilebaa. aq kedelTan mTel sigrZeze miSenebulia veeba qvitkiris sawnaxeli, Cveulebriv organyofilebiani (orTvaliani) erTdroulad sxvadasxva feris yurZnis dasawurad gankuTvnili. sawnaxelis win qviTkirisave baqania yurZniani godrebis dasadgmelad. winidan baqanSi Tixis satkbile milebs gamouyviaT Tavebi. zog maranSi qvevridan amoRebuli narecxi wylis gadasaRvrelad kedelSi TaxCaa Catanebuli, mis fskerze ki gareT gamoyvanili Tixis milia CaduRabebuli.
marnis kedlebSi datanebulia moxdenili sarkmlebi da TaxCa-ganjinebi. aq Cveulebriv CaSenebulia Zveleburi buxari, zog marans moepoveba sxvenic _ umTavresad xilisa da bostneulis Sesanaxad.
qarTl-kaxeTis Zveleburi qvitkiris marnebi didi masStabis meurneobisTvisaa gankuTvnili. zog maTganSi aTeulobiT qvevri daiTvleba.
rogorc ukve iTqva, es marnebi qarTuli xalxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis saukeTeso tradiciebs ganasaxierebs. moxdenilad gawyobil-gamarTuli, “turfad nagebi” amgvari “saRvine saxli” ZvelTagan momdinare tradiciiT, mamakacTa drostarebis, lxinis adgilic iyo. albaT amitomacaa marnis erT-erT kedelSi buxari CaSenebuli. amasve migvaniSnebs erT-erT maranze warwerili leqsi:
“var marani aRSenebuli zaqaria mRvdlis iaSvilisa,
momyvani da Semnaxavi civad Rvinisa,
salxinod mosaxmari, SvilTa da SvilTaSvilisa..”
eTnografiuli monacemebiT amgvari marani xSiri iyo me-19 saukunis qarTl-kaxeTSi. imave periodSi SeZlebul memamuleebs qvitkiris marnebi did venaxebSic edgaT. yurZeni aqve iwureboda qvitkirisave sawnaxlebSi, xolo dawuruli tkbili Semdeg did marnebSi gadahqondaT. gviani feodaluri xanis istoriul sabuTebSi xSirad ixsenieba “venaxi misi sawnaxliTa”. erT xalxur leqsSi naTqvamia:
“batonma venaxi momca axali asaSenia,
Sig gavakeTe marani, movmarTe sawnaxelia.”
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mravalganaa SemorCenili qvitkiris marnis naSTebi Sua feodaluri xanis naqalaqrebsa Tu nasoflarebze, eklesia-monastrebisa Tu sasaxleTa kompleqsebSi. advili SesaZlebelia, rom ufro Rrmad midiodes am teritoriaze qvitkiris marnis mSeneblobis tradicia.
gancalkevebiT mdgomi qvitkiris marani iSviaTad gvxvdebadasavleT saqarTvelos mTis zolsi: zemo imereTSi (WiaTurisa da saCxeris raionebi), leCxumsi (md. cxeniswylisa da lajanuras xeobebi) da zemo raWasa da qvemo svaneTSi (lentexis raioni). qvemo svaneTSi Colurisa da Jaxunder-CixareSis soflebSi dRemdea Semonaxuli qva-kirit naSenebi Zveli marnis naSTebi. zog maTganSi Tormetamde Wuria Cafluli. “zogi Wuri imdenad didi yofila, rom karebSi ar eteoda, ris gamoc jer Wurebs marxvdnen da Semdeg adgamdnen Senobas”. Tumca aRniSnul mxareebSi (laSxeTsa da ColurSi) vazs ar aSenebdnen, Zvelad Rvino mainc sakmaod hqoniaT. “aq marnebi specialurad RvinisTvis Sendeboda da Wurebs avsebdnen leCxumidan (nawilobriv raWidan) motanili RviniT”.
raWaSi qvitkiris marnebi ZvelTaganve uSenebiaT. nikorwmindis monastris winamZRvris mier Sedgenil sigelSi (XI s.) aRniSnulia – “nikolaos wmidas Sevqmen .. marani qvitkiri da davhfal Sigan Wuri navarZuli”.
gancalkevebiT mdgomi xis marani
gancalkevebiT mdgomi daxuruli xis marani met-naklebad gvxvdeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi. igi iSviaTia zemo imereTSi, guriasa daraWa-leCxumSi, SEdarebit xSiria samegreloSi. dasturdeba misi ori saxeoba: ficruli da Zeluri anu jargvali. amaTgan es ukanaskneli tradiciuli, mama-papuria da samegreloSi aqa-iq dRemdea SemorCenili.
xis marani tradiciulia raWisaTvis. XI s-is dokumentSi nikorwmindis monastrisaTvis xis marnis asenebazea saubari: “Sevqmen sawires.. marani muXisa da davhfal Sigan Wuri..”
aqve unda movixsenioT raWuli xis marnis Taviseburi saxeoba “mTiulTa marani”. mogvyavs misi daxasiaTeba eTnograf l. fruiZis mixedviT: cnobilia, rom raWis mTis soflebis mcxovreblebs venaxebi aqvT qvemoT, rionispira adgilebSi. iq xSirad ageben erTsarTulian, ficrul Senobas. venaxSi SearCeven iseT adgils, romelic SedarebiT mwiria (es imitom rom miwa ar mocdes), moasworeben, saZirkvlebs gaskvnian da “yores” _ “qiliks” aiyvanen. qilikis ayvanis Semdeg kedlebi daisartyleba, sartylebze gaimarTeba “dire”, romelzedac “daajenen” isrebs, zed gardigardmo gadeben “saTaves”. saTaveze daxrilad “kakutebi” gaewyoba, mere “lofinebi” da koroliT an yavriT ”sabZlurad” daixureba.
Senobas Weri ar gaaCnia, aqvs miwis iataki da erTi kari. SigniT Tavsdeba sawnaxlebi, tkbilis mosakavebeli WurWeli da yurZnis dasawuravad saWiro sxva inventari. sawnaxlis win Caflulia erTi-ori Wuri satkbiled da patara “qvevra” saxarjo RvinisaTvis. raWuli “mTiulTa marani” gankuTvnilia yurZnis dasawurad, tkbilis dasaduReblad da dasayeneblad ki “saxlis marnebi” gamoiyeneba.
marani sacxovrebeli saxlis kompleqsSi
zogadad am tipis gavrcelebis areali qarTl-kaxeTs, agreTve raWa-leCxums da svaneTs moicavs. amgvari marani gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis, sadac misi araerTi nairsaxeoba dasturdeba.
qarTl-kaxeTSi amJamad gabatonebulia orsarTuliani qviTkiris sacxovrebeli saxli, romelmac aq me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan moikida fexi.. mis zeda sarTulze sacxovrebeli oTaxebia, dabla ki Cveulebriv marania gamarTuli, zogjer marans ukavia sacxovrebeli saxlis naxevarsardafis sarTuli.
kaxeTSi aqa-iq gvxvdeba adrindeli qvitkiris didi saxlebi, romrlTa qveda sarTuli zogjer mTlianad uzarmazar marans ukavia.
TvalSi mogvxvdeba marnis farTo ficruli kari. wina mxares, Cveulebriv erTi-ori fanjaracaa datanebuli. miwur (uiatako) maranSi SesvlisTanave igrZnoba sigrile. kedlebSi aqa-iq TaxCebia, xSirad ganjinacaa gamarTuli. zog marans aqvs ukana karic ezoSi – Sina venaxSi gasasvlelad.
erT-erT kedelTan xis navi dgas an qvitkiris sawnaxelia miSenebuli. nav-sawnaxelis win ufros-umcrosobiT Cayrilia saRvine qvevr-qocoebi, pirze qvis mrgvali sarqvelebiT.
kedlebze, koWoebze, sakidebze, TaxCa-ganjinebSi gawyobilia meRvineobis nairgvari iaraR-WurWeli: satkbile Rarebi, xis niCbebi, grZeltariani sarcxebi, Tu krazanis konebi, Tixisa da spilenZis xapirebi, spilenZis Tungebi, Zabrebi.. qarTlis marnebSi xSirad gamarTulia Zveleburi WaWis sawnexi xelsawyo _ saqajavi.
ufro adrindel viTarebas asaxavs qarTl-kaxeTSi aqa-iq SemorCenili ertsarTuliani, “dabali” saxli, romlis erTi Tvali sacxovrebelia, meoreSi ki marania gamartuli.
am saxeobis Soreul winaprad unda miviCnioT urbnisis naqalaqarze gaTxrili VI_VIII saukuneebis alizis marnebi, romlebic aliziTve nageb sacxovrebelzea uSualod mibmuli.
aseve Zvel tradiciebs ganasaxierebs qarTl-kaxeTSi zogan SemorCenili dabali saxlebi, zed midgmuli ficruli an lastis marniT.
marani qarTlSi warsulSi gabatonebuli banian-erdoiani darbazis kompleqsis erT-erT saTavsodac gvevlineba. qvemo qarTlSi, TrialeTSi, mesxeT-javaxeTSi sxvadasxva adgilas bolo dromdea SemorCenili darbazuli sacxovreblebi, sagangebo sameurneo saTavsoTi, romelsac marans uwodeben.
dabolos, am tipis marnis Tavisebur saxeobas qmnis cixe-marani. qarTl-kaxeTSi aqa-iq kidev gvxvdeba gviani Sua saukuneebis droindeli coxe-koSkebi, sadac qveda sarTuli mTlianad marans aqvs daTmobili.
(andro lekiaSvilis statiidan “marani”. saqartvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli atlasi. 1980 )
ქვევრი ღვინის დაყენებისა და შენახვისათვის გამოიყენება. იგი მზადდება თიხისაგან, რომელიც სპეციალურ წვასა და დამუშავებას გადის. ღვინის ტემპერატურის შესანარჩუნებლად, დამზადებული ქვევრი მიწაში ეფლობა; მასში ჩასხმული ყურძნის წვენი ღვინის საბოლოო დაყენებამდე ჰერმეტულად ილუქებოდა, მას მხოლოდ მორევისას და ჭაჭის მოსახდელად ხსნიდნენ. დღესდღეობით ქვევრში ღვინოს იშვიათად აყენებენ, მას მხოლოდ ღვინის შენახვის ფუნქცია აქვს;
